PennDraw.java

PennDraw Reference Page

PennDraw is an expanded ersion of StdDraw from Sedgewick and Wayne’s Introduction to Programming in Java: An Interdisciplinary Approach. It supports everything that StdDraw supports, plus additional drawing and animation commands.

To use PennDraw, save PennDraw.java to the same folder as your program. Once you add it to your folder, you should open it up and compile it. If you are using Codio, if the filetree has the cis110.jar file in your filetree, you do not need to save PennDraw.java as it is already provided for you.

Getting Started: A Simple Program

Here’s a simple program that draws a line and a point:

public class PennDrawTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
PennDraw.line(0, 0, 1, 1);
PennDraw.point(0, 1);
}
}

• PennDraw takes care of creating a window for you as soon as you start drawing. You don’t need to do anything special to set up besides putting PennDraw.java in the folder with your program.
• PennDraw.line(0, 0, 1, 1); draws a line from near the lower-left corner to the near the upper-right corner.
• PennDraw.point(0, 1); draws a point near the upper left corner

Why aren’t (0, 0) and (1, 1) at the actual corners of the window? Most CIS 110 assignments that involve drawing will require you to keep your drawing within the “unit square” defined by the corners (0, 0) and (1, 1). The margin that PennDraw adds makes it easy to visually verify that you stay inside this square: just draw the unit square (PennDraw.square(0.5, 0.5, 0.5); — see below) and make sure your drawing is completely inside it.

Window Size and Scale

By default, the PennDraw window is 512×512 pixels. To change this, use

PennDraw.setCanvasSize(width, height);

• width and height are the width and height of the drawing area in pixels (including the drawing area’s “margin”, but not including the window title or window borders).
• Calling PennDraw.setCanvasSize() will erase everything in your window, and reset your line width, color, and font. It’s best to use it only once at the very beginning of your programming.
• Most CIS 110 assignments require you to use the default window size and forbid using PennDraw.setCanvaseSize() to make grading a little bit easier for the TAs.

You can also change the window’s coordinate system, which can make it much easier to compute the coordinates for your shapes:

PennDraw.setXscale(left, right);
PennDraw.setYscale(bottom, top);
PennDraw.setScale(left/bottom, right/top);
PennDraw.setScale();

• left is the x-coordinate of the left edge, right is the x-coordinate of the right edge, bottom is the y-coordinate of the bottom edge, and top is the y-coordinate of the top edge. PennDraw.setScale(left/bottom, right/top); is similar to calling both PennDraw.setXScale(left, right); and PennDraw.setYScale(bottom, top);.
• PennDraw.setScale(); resets the scale to the default. It is equivalent to PennDraw.setScale(0, 1);
• left, right, top, and bottom can all be fractional or negative numbers, such as 1.2, 3.14159, or -2.71828.

Trying out the scale functions:

• Create a folder for testing PennDraw. Cut and paste the PennDrawScaleTest program below into a blank file in Codio (or your favorite Java editor), and save it into that folder under the name PennDrawScaleTest.java. Make sure the capitalization matches exactly.
• Save PennDraw.java into the same folder.
• Compile PennDrawScaleTest. When you run it, you should see the figure below (with a thinner line and a smaller point). Note that the line now ends in the top middle of the image: the call to PennDraw.setXscale(0, 2); redefined the right margin to have x-coordinate 2, so the x-coordinate 1 now refers to the middle of the window.
public class PennDrawScaleTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
PennDraw.setXscale(0, 2);
PennDraw.line(0, 0, 1, 1);
PennDraw.point(0, 1);
}
}

• Play with different values in the call to PennDraw.setXscale(). Each time you make a change, save your file, compile, and run to see the effect it has on the image.
• Replace the class to PennDraw.setXscale() with a call to PennDraw.setYscale(). Play with different values to see the effect on the image.
• Specifically, try PennDraw.setYscale(1, 0). This should flip your image vertically—it defines the top margin to have y-coordinate 0 and the bottom margin to have y-coordinate 1.
• Try calling PennDraw.setScale(left/top, right/bottom); and see what it does with different values.
• Try calling PennDraw.setXscale() and PennDraw.setYscale() in the same program.

Point/Line Thickness and Color

These calls adjust the line thickness:

PennDraw.setPenRadius();
PennDraw.setPenWidthInPoints(width);

• PennDraw.setPenRadius; resets the line thickness to the default, which is fairly arbitrarily defined as 0.002.
• PennDraw.setPenRadius(radius); sets the line width to the value radius. To get a line that is twice as thick as the default, use PennDraw.setPenRadius(0.004);.
• PennDraw.setPenWidthInPoints(width); set the line width to width points. (A point is 1/72 of an inch.) Most screens are not properly calibrated for size, so lines may come out thicker or thinner tha you expect. But the thicknesses will at least be consistent with font sizes on your screen.

You can also change the line color:

PennDraw.setPenColor();
PennDraw.setPenColor(color);
PennDraw.setPenColor(red, green, blue);
PennDraw.setPenColor(red, green, blue, alpha);

• PennDraw.setPenColor(); resets the pen color to the default (black).
• PennDraw.setPenColor(color); sets the color the the specified, named color. color must be one of PennDraw.BLACK, PennDraw.BLUE, PennDraw.CYAN, PennDraw.DARK_GRAY, PennDraw.GRAY, PennDraw.GREEN, PennDraw.LIGHT_GRAY, PennDraw.MAGENTA, PennDraw.ORANGE, PennDraw.PINK, PennDraw.RED, PennDraw.WHITE, PennDraw.YELLOW, PennDraw.BOOK_BLUE, PennDraw.BOOK_LIGHT_BLUE, or PennDraw.BOOK_RED.
• PennDraw.setPenColor(red, green, blue); sets the pen color to the specified (red, ,green, ,blue) value. red, green, and blue should be integers (whole numbers) between 0 and 255. For black, set all three to 0; for white set all three to 255. You can easily figure out the correct values using any of the myriad color pickers available on the web. Here’s one color picker that works great.
• PennDraw.setPenColor(red, green, blue, alpha); set the pen color to the specified (red, ,green, ,blue) value and the specified transparency alpha. All four numbers should be integers between 0 and 1. Set alpha to 0 to make the color fully transparent (invisible), or 255 to make it fully opaque (solid). Anything in between will be translucent.

Trying out line thickness and color functions:

• Create a folder for you test program, and save PennDraw.java into it.
• Cut and paste the sample program below into a blank file, and save it into your folder as PennDrawPenTest.java. Compile and run it. You should see a figure similar to the one below (the blue line should be thicker than the black line).
public class PennDrawPenTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
PennDraw.line(0, 0, 1, 1);
PennDraw.setPenColor(PennDraw.BLUE);
PennDraw.line(1, 0, 0, 1);
}
}

• Try out different values for PennDraw.setPenColor(), including different named colors, red/green/blue values, and red/green/blue/alpha values. See how each one affects the second line’s color.
• Try specifying the color PennDraw.setPenColor(PennDraw.blue);. Your program will not compile, and you will get an error along the lines of
PennDrawPenTest.java:5: error: cannot find symbol
PennDraw.setPenColor(PennDraw.blue);
^
symbol:   variable blue
location: class PennDraw


This is a compiler error, and is roughly analagous to a spelling or grammar error in English. Moral: CAPITALIZATION MATTERS!!!

• Try specifying a fractional value for red/green/blue/alpha, like 0.5. You should get a different compiler error along the lines of
PennDrawPenTest.java:5: error: no suitable method found for setPenColor(double,double,double,double)
PennDraw.setPenColor(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5);
^

• Try specifying PennDraw.setPenColor(-5, 0, 0);. Your program should compile, but the second line will not draw, and you will see a run-time error or “exception” along the lines of
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: amount of red must be between 0 and 255
at PennDraw.setPenColor(PennDraw.java:435)
at PennDrawPennTest.main(PennDrawPennTest.java:5)


This is Java’s way of saying that you have specified a color value that looks ok at first sight (everything is whole numbers), but is in fact bogus. It’s analagous to an English sentence that is grammatically correct and made up of real words, but is total gibberish. (“Green blackbirds cha-cha solemnly from dawn to Australia.”)

• Try different values for PennDraw.setPenRadius() and see how they affect the second line’s thickness.
• Call PennDraw.setPenWidthInPoints() instead of PennDraw.setPenRadius() and see how it affects the line width.

Clearing the Window

To clear the window, use: PennDraw.clear();

PennDraw.clear(color);
PennDraw.clear(red, green, blue);
PennDraw.clear(red, green, blue, alpha);


PennDraw.clear() erases everything on the screen and makes the entire window background white. If you want to set the window background to a different color, you can specify the color by name, or as red, green, and blue values, just like line colors. You can even specify transparency on your background color, in which case whatever was already drawn on the window will show through.

Points and Lines

Draw points and lines using:

PennDraw.point(x, y);
PennDraw.line(xstart, ystart, xend, yend);


x, y, xstart, ystart, xend, and yend are the coordinates of the point and the start and end of the line. The sample programs in the previous section illustrate their use.

How do I draw a bunch of one-pixel points really fast? When you draw a point, you are actually drawing a little circle whose size depends on the current line thickness. If you want the point to be exactly one pixel in size, you should first call PennDraw.setPenRadius(0);. This will ensure the points are exactly one pixel in size and get draw really fast. (The speed only matters when you want to animate hundreds of points at once.)

Squares and Circles

Draw squares and circles using:

PennDraw.square(xcenter, ycenter, halfWidth);
PennDraw.square(xcenter, ycenter, halfWidth, angle);
PennDraw.filledSquare(xcenter, ycenter, halfWidth);
PennDraw.filledSquare(xcenter, ycenter, halfWidth, angle);



xcenter and ycenter are the coordinates of the center of the square, not one of its corners! angle gives the amount of counter-clockwise rotation in degrees The PennDraw.square() functions draw an outline in the current line color. The PennDraw.filledSquare() functions draw a square filled with the current line color.

Sample square program:

public class PennDrawSquareTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// solid black square centered at (.5, .5)
// with sides of length .6 (half-width of .3)
PennDraw.filledSquare(0.5, 0.5, 0.3);

// blue square outline centered at (.7, .3)
// with sides of length .4
// rotated 30 degrees counter-clockwise
PennDraw.setPenColor(PennDraw.BLUE);
PennDraw.square(.7, .3, .2, 30);
}
}


Rectangles and Ellipses

Draw rectangles using:

PennDraw.rectangle(xcenter, ycenter, halfWidth, halfHeight);
PennDraw.rectangle(xcenter, ycenter, halfWidth, halfHeight, angle);
PennDraw.filledRectangle(xcenter, ycenter, halfWidth, halfHeight);
PennDraw.filledRectangle(xcenter, ycenter, halfWidth, halfHeight, angle);

PennDraw.ellipse(xcenter, ycenter, halfWidth, halfHeight);
PennDraw.ellipse(xcenter, ycenter, halfWidth, halfHeight, angle);
PennDraw.filledEllipse(xcenter, ycenter, halfWidth, halfHeight);
PennDraw.filledEllipse(xcenter, ycenter, halfWidth, halfHeight, angle);


xcenter and ycenter are the coordinates of the center of the rectangle, not one of its corners! angle gives the amount of counter-clockwise rotation in degrees The PennDraw.rectangle() functions draw an outline in the current line color. The PennDraw.filledRectangle() functions draw a square filled with the current line color.

Sample rectangle program:

public class PennDrawRectangleTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// solid black square centered at (.5, .5)
// with sides of length .6 (half-width of .3)
PennDraw.filledRectangle(0.5, 0.5, 0.3, .15);

// blue square outline centered at (.7, .3)
// with sides of length .4
// rotated 30 degrees counter-clockwise
PennDraw.setPenColor(PennDraw.BLUE);
PennDraw.rectangle(.7, .3, .2, .1, 30);
}
}


Arcs, Closed Arcs, and Pies

PennDraw support circular arcs—arcs that are part of a circle. Specify them by given the center and radius of a circle, and the start and end angles of the arc you want to draw. You can also close the arc with a straight line or chord (a “closed arc”), or by connected the ends of the arc back to the center of the circle (a “pie”):

PennDraw.arc(x, y, r, startAngle, endAngle);

PennDraw.closedArc(x, y, r, startAngle, endAngle);
PennDraw.filledArc(x, y, r, startAngle, endAngle);

PennDraw.pie(x, y, r, startAngle, endAngle);
PennDraw.filledPie(x, y, r, startAngle, endAngle);


Sample arc program:

public class PennArcTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// black arc
PennDraw.arc(0.15, 0.6, 0.3, 10, 100);

// blue closed arc and filled arc
PennDraw.setPenColor(PennDraw.BLUE);
PennDraw.closedArc(0.15, 0.3, 0.3, 10, 100);
PennDraw.filledArc(0.15, 0.0, 0.3, 10, 100);

// red pie and filled pie
PennDraw.setPenColor(PennDraw.RED);
PennDraw.pie(0.65, 0.6, 0.3, 10, 100);
PennDraw.filledPie(0.65, 0.1, 0.3, 10, 100);
}
}


Polylines and Polygons

Polygons and polylines are closely related: for both you specify a list of coordinates that are connected in order by straight line segments. The difference is that a polygon connects the last point back to the first one to create a closed shape. There are two forms for specifying the points, and you can use whichever form is most convenient in your program.

Form 1:

PennDraw.polyline(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, ...);
PennDraw.polygon(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, ...);
PennDraw.filledPolygon(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, ...);


In form 1, the arguments are the alternating x and y coordinates of the points. You can specify as many points as you like.

Form 2:

PennDraw.polyline(xcoordsArray[], ycoordsArray[]);
PennDraw.polygon(xcoordsArray[], ycoordsArray[]);
PennDraw.filledPolygon(xcoordsArray[], ycoordsArray[]);


In form 2, you specify two arrays of values. The first is a list of the x-coordinates of all the points, and the second is the list of all the y-coordinates.

Sample polyline/polygon program:

public class PennArcTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// three-segment (four-point) black polyline
PennDraw.polyline(0, 0, 0.25, 0, .25, 1, 0, 1);

// blue, five-sided polygon
PennDraw.setPenColor(PennDraw.BLUE);
double[] xcoords = { 0.5, 1, 1  , 0.75, 0.5 };
double[] ycoords = { 0  , 0, 0.7, 1   , 0.7 };
PennDraw.polygon(xcoords, ycoords);
}
}


Images

Drawing images is quite easy:

PennDraw.picture(xcenter, ycenter, filename);
PennDraw.picture(xcenter, ycenter, filename, angle);
PennDraw.picture(xcenter, ycenter, filename, width, height);
PennDraw.picture(xcenter, ycenter, filename, width, height, angle);

• xcenter and ycenter are the coordinate where the image should be centered.
• filename is the name of the picture file, this file should be written in quotations with file extensions, for example “dog.jpg” would be a valid filename.
• If this point is outside the window, the image will not be drawn at all.
• angle is the amount to rotate the image counter-clockwise, in degrees
• The image will be drawn full size unless you specify width and height. The width and height values are in pixels. If both values are specified, the image will be squashed or stretched to fit. If one of the values is zero, the image will be scaled to fit the other one.
• Use negative width and/or height values to flip the image.

Text

Drawing Text:

PennDraw.text(x, y, text);
PennDraw.text(x, y, text, angle);

PennDraw.textLeft(x, y, text);
PennDraw.textLeft(x, y, text, angle);

PennDraw.textRight(x, y, text);
PennDraw.textRight(x, y, text, angle);

• text must be a single line of text. To draw multiple lines of text, you need to call the text() functions once per line, using different y coordinates.
• Text will be drawn in the current line color.
• Remember that text is a string and therefore should be in quotes.

For example:

PennDraw.text(0.4, 0.2, "abc", 30);


Changing the font and size:

PennDraw.setFont(fontName);
PennDraw.setFont(fontName, pointSize);
PennDraw.setFontSize(pointSize);

PennDraw.setFontPlain();
PennDraw.setFontBold();
PennDraw.setFontItalic();
PennDraw.setFontBoldItalic();

• Font sizes are specified in points.
• In CIS 110 we recommend that you do not change font names because the grading computers have different fonts installed than your PC. If you switch fonts, your drawing is likely to look different to your TA than it does to you. It is safe to change the size using setFontSize() and to turn bold and italic on and off.

Finding out what font names you can use:

The available fonts vary system by system, and it can be a little difficult to figure out what the names to give setFont(). We provide the following function to help you:

PennDraw.listFonts();

• PennDraw.listFonts() prints out a list of all the font names you can use to the Terminal or Command Prompt. Every PC has different fonts installed, so changing fonts is a little dangerous if you want other people to run your program and see the same drawing. (If you ask for a font that isn’t installed, Java will substitute another font that may well look completely different.)

Animation

PennDraw provides three functions for creating animations:

PennDraw.disableAnimation();
PennDraw.enableAnimation(frameRate);

• PennDraw.disableAnimation(); turns off animation. Any drawing commands will show up immediately when animation is disabled. (Animation is disabled by default.)
• PennDraw.enableAnimation(frameRate); turns on animation at a speed of frameRate frames/second. Common frame rates are 24 (film), 30 (TV), and 60 (HDTV), but you can specify lower or higher frame rates to change the speed of your animation.
• Drawing commands will not immediately show up on the screen in animation mode. Instead the drawing will be created in memory, and will only be shown when you call PennDraw.advance(). Moreover, PennDraw will ensure that new frames are not shown faster than the frame rate you specified.
• If your drawing takes to long to prepare in memory (usually because you have lots of complicated drawing commands), it will not be possible to maintain the frame rate you specified. In this case your animation will be slow and jerky. Your options are to simplify the drawing so it completes faster, or slow down the frame rate to give yourself more time.

What about StdDraw.show()? The StdDraw library on which PennDraw is based uses a function called StdDraw.show() for animation. We have split this into the three functions above for clarity. PennDraw supports StdDraw’s show() function to make it easy to convert programs, but we recommend against using it.

Keyboard and Mouse

PennDraw has very basic support for keyboard and mouse input. It is much less powerful than most user interface libraries provide, but also much simpler.

• PennDraw.mousePressed(); returns true or false to indicate whether a mouse button is currently pressed. Use this inside an animation loop to determine if the user is currently clicking.
• PennDraw.mouseX(); returns the x-coordinate of the mouse cursor’s current position. It uses the same coordinate system as the drawing commands.
• PennDraw.mouseY(); returns the y-coordinate of the mouse cursor’s current position.
• PennDraw.hasNextKeyTyped(); returns true or false to indicate whether the user has typed anything on the keyboard that your program has not yet processed. If the user types lots of characters, they will all be saved in a list for you to read in character-by-character.
• PennDraw.nextKeyTyped(); returns the next character in order that the user typed. If the user hasn’t typed anything, or you have already processed everything the user has typed (by calling PennDraw.nextKeyTyped()), it will generate a run-time error and your program will crash.

To read in everything a user has typed so far, you need to call PennDraw.nextKeyTyped() once for each character the user has typed. The following example builds a String of everything the user has typed so far, then prints it out:

while (true) {
String s = "";
if (PennDraw.hasNextKeyTyped()) {  // make sure there is keyboard input to process
s += PennDraw.nextKeyTyped();  // read in one character of keyboard input and add it to the end of s
}
System.out.println(s);             // print out the string
}


Sometimes you want to ignore everything the user has typed, and only pay attention to what gets typed going forward. To do this, you need to read in everything the user has typed and do nothing with it:

while (PennDraw.hasNextKeyTyped()) {  // as long as there is keyboard input to process
PennDraw.nextKeyTyped();          // read in one character of keyboard input, but don't save it
}