References

1

J. Allen, M.S. Hunnicutt, and D. Klatt. From text to speech: The MITalk system. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1987.

2

K. Anjyo, Y. Usami, and T. Kurihara. A simple method for extracting the natural beauty of hair. Computer Graphics, 26(2):111-120, July 1992.

3

Ascension Technology Corp., P.O. Box 527, Burlington, Vermont 05402, Tel: (802)-860-6440.

4

A. Azarbayejani, T. Starner, B. Horowitz, and A.P. Pentland. Visually controlled graphics. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Vision, 15(6), June 1993.

5

H. Bennett. F.A.C.E.: A sensitive and specific monitor for adequacy of anesthesia. In P. Segel, G. Winograd, , and B. Bonke, editors, Memory and Awareness in Anesthesia. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993.

6

C. Benoit, A. Adjoudani, O. Angola, T. Guiard-Marigny, and B. Le Goff. Perception, analysis and synthesis of talking lips. In Proc. of the IMAGINA '94 Conference, pages 142-163. Institut National de l'Audiovisuel, France, Feb. 1994.

7

C. Benoit, M. Grice, and V. Hazan. The sus test: A method for the assessment of text-to-speech synthesis intelligibility. Speech Communication, under revision.

8

C. Benoit, T. Lallouache, T. Mohamadi, and C. Abry. A set of french visemes for visual speech synthesis. In Talking machines: Theories, Models, and Designs, pages 485-504. Elsevier North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1992.

9

C. Benoit and L.C.W. Pols. On the assessment of synthetic speech. In Talking machines: Theories, Models, and Designs, pages 435-442. North Holland, Amsterdam, 1992.

10

C. Benoit, A. van Erp, M. Grice, V. Hazan, and U. Jekosh. Multilingual synthesizer assessment using semantically unpredictable sentences. In Proceedings of the 2nd EUROSPEECH Conference, pages 633-636, Paris, France, 1989.

11

L.E. Bernstein, M.E. Demorest, and S.P. Eberhardt. A computational approach to analyzing sentential speech perception: Phoneme-to-phoneme stimulus-response alignment. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, submitted.

12

C. Bregler, H. Hild, S. Manke, and A. Waibel. Improving connected letter recognition by lipreading. In International Joint Conference of Speech and Signal Processing, pages 557-560, Minneapolis, MN, 1993.

13

C. Bregler and Y. Konig. Eigenlips for robust speech recognition. In Proceedings of the Int. Conf. on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (IEEE-ICASSP), Adelaide, Australia, 1994.

14

C. Bregler and S. Omohundro. Surface learning with applications to lip-reading. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 6. Morgan Kaufman, Palo Alto, CA, 1994.

15

N. M. Brooke and E. D. Petajan. Seeing speech: Investigations into the synthesis and recognition of visible speech movements using automatic image processing and computer graphics. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Speech Input/Output: Techniques and Applications, pages 104-109, London, UK, 1986. Institution of Electrical Engineers.

16

N.M. Brooke. The Structure of Multimodal Dialogue, chapter Visible speech signals: Investigating their analysis, synthesis, and perception. Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989.

17

P. Brun, I. Parienti, and P. Serres. Les cahiers de médecine esthétique. Solal Editions, Paris, 1987.

18

R. Brunelli and T. Poggio. Face recognition: Features versus templates. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 15(10):1042-1052, October 1993.

19

J. Buhmann, J. Lange, and C. von der Malsburg. Distortion invariant object recognition by matching hierarchically labeled graphs. In IJCNN International Conference on Neural Networks, vol. 1, pages 155-159, Washington, DC, 1989.

20

P.E. Bull and R. Brown. Body movement and emphasis in speech. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 16, 1977.

21

Abry C. and Boe L.-J. Laws for lips. Speech Communication, 5:97-104, 1986.

22

J. Cahn. Generating expression in synthesized speech. Master's thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technolog, 1989.

23

J. Cassell and D. McNeil. Non-verbal imagery and the poetics of prose. Poetics Today, 12(3):375-404, 1990.

24

J. Cassell, C. Pelachaud, N. Badler, M. Steedman, B. Achorn, T. Becket, B. Douville, S. Prevost, and M. Stone. Animated conversation: Rule-based generation of facial expression, gesture and spoken intonation for multiple conversational agents. Computer Graghics Annual Conferences Series, pages 413-420, 1994.

25

M.A. Cathiard, G. Tiberghien, A. Cirot-Tseva, M.T. Lallouache, and P. Escudier. Visual perception of anticipatory rounding during acoustic pauses: A cross-linguistic study. In Proceedings of the 12th Int. Congress of Phonetic Sciences, pages 50-53, Aix-en-Provence, France, 1991.

26

C.S. Choi, H. Harashima, and T. Takebe. Highly accurate estimation of head motion and facial action information on knowledge-based image coding. Technical Report PRU90-68, I.E.I.C.E.J., 1990.

27

M. M. Cohen and D. W. Massaro. Synthesis of visible speech. Behavioral Research Methods and Instrumentation, 22(2):260-263, 1990.

28

M. M. Cohen and D. W. Massaro. Modeling coarticulation in synthetic visual speech. In M. Magnenat-Thalmann and D. Thalmann, editors, Models and Techniques in Computer Animation, Tokyo, 1993. Springer-Verlag.

29

W.S. Condon and W.D. Osgton. Speech and body motion synchrony of the speaker-hearer. In D.H. Horton and J.J. Jenkins, editors, The Perception of Language, pages 150-184. Academic Press, 1971.

30

I. Craw, H. Ellis, and J.R. Lishman. Automatic extraction of face-features. Pattern Recognition Letters, 5:183-187, 1987.

31

Cyberware Laboratory Inc., Monterey. 4020/(RGB 3D) Scanner with color digitizer, 1990.

32

H. Delinguette, G. Subsol, S. Cotin, and J. Pignon. A craniofacial surgery simulation testbed. Technical Report 2199, INRIA, France, February 1994.

33

S. DiPaola. Implementation and use of a 3d parameterized facial modeling and animation system. In Vol 22: State of the Art in Facial Animation, pages 20-33. ACM Siggraph'89 Course Notes, 1989.

34

S. Dubin, J. Nissanov, S. Zietz, B. Schrope, R. Morano, and R. Hananiah. Bioengineering approach to non-invasive measurement of body composition. In Rocky Mountain Bioengineering Symposium, pages 21-23, April 1994.

35

S.A. Duffy and D.B. Pisoni. Comprehension of synthetic speech produced by rule: A review and theoretical interpretation. Technical Report 17, Research on Speech Perception, Indiana University, Department of Psychology, 1991.

36

P. Ekman and W. Friesen. Unmasking the Face: A guide to recognizing emotions from facial clues. Prentice-Hall, NY, 1975.

37

P. Ekman and W. Friesen. Facial Action Coding System. Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, 1978.

38

P. Ekman, T.S. Huang, T.J. Sejnowski, and J.C. Hager. Final report to NSF of the planning workshop on facial expression understanding. Technical report, NSF, July 30 to August 1 1992.

39

P. Ekman and T. Sejnowski. Personal communication, 1994.

40

M. Elson. ``Displacement'' facial animation techniques. In Vol 26: State of the Art in Facial Animation, pages 21-42. ACM Siggraph'90 Course Notes, Dallas Convention Center, August 6th-10th 1990.

41

A. Emmett. Digital portfolio: Tony de Peltrie. Computer Graphics World, 8(10):72-77, October 1985.

42

I. A. Essa. Analysis, Interpretation, and Synthesis of Facial Expressions. PhD thesis, MIT, Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, 1994.

43

I. A. Essa, T. Darrell, and A. Pentland. Tracking facial motion. In Proceedings of IEEE Workshop on Nonrigid and Articulated Motion, 1994.

44

I.A. Essa and A. Pentland. A vision system for observing and extracting facial action parameters. Proceedings of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 94), pages 76-83, 1994.

45

G. Fairbanks. Test of phonemic differentiation: The rhyme test. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 30:596-600, 1958.

46

E.K. Finn and A.A. Montgomery. Automatic optically based recognition of speech. Pattern Recognition Letters, 8(3):159-164, 1988.

47

K. E. Finn. An Investigation of Visible Lip Information to be Used in Automated Speech Recognition. PhD thesis, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 1986.

48

M. Fischler and R. Elschlager. The representation and matching of pictorial structures. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 22(1), January 1973.

49

D.R. Forsey and R.H. Bartels. Hierarchical bspline refinement. Computer Graphics, 22(4):205-212, May 1990.

50

V. Fromkin. Lip positions in American-English vowels. Language and Speech, 7:215-225, 1964.

51

O.N. Garcia, A.J. Goldschen, and E.D. Petajan. Feature extraction for optical automatic speech recognition or automatic lipreading. Technical Report GWU-IIST-92-32, Institute for Information Science and Technology, George Washington University, 1992.

52

A.T. Gesi, D.W. Massaro, and M.M. Cohen. Discovery and expository methods in teaching visual consonant- and word-identification. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35:1180-1188, 1992.

53

S. Glenn. VActor animation creation system. In ACM SIGGRAPH '93 Visual Proceedings, page 223, 1993. SimGraphics Engineering Corporation.

54

B. Le Goff, T. Guiard-Marigny, M.M. Cohen, and C. Benoit. Real-time analysis-synthesis and intelligibility of talking faces. In Proc. of the 2nd ESCA/IEEE workshop on Speech Synthesis, pages 53-56, New Paltz, NY, 1994.

55

P. Goldenthal. Posing and judging facial expressions of emotion: The effects of social skills. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 3(3):325-338, 1985.

56

A. J. Goldschen. Continuous Automatic Speech Recognition by Lipreading. PhD thesis, George Washington University, 1993.

57

P. Griffin and N. Hoot. The FERSA project for lip-sync animation. Technical report, Department of Interactive systems CWI, Kruislaan 413, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1993.

58

T. Guiard-Marigny, A. Adjoudani, and C. Benoit. A 3-d model of the lips for visual speech synthesis. In Proc. of the 2nd ESCA/IEEE workshop on Speech Synthesis, pages 49-52, New Paltz, NY, 1994.

59

P. Hanrahan and W. Krueger. Reflection from layered surfaces due to subsurface scattering. Computer Graphics Annual Conference Series, pages 165-174, 1993.

60

D.R. Hill, A. Pearce, and B. Wyvill. Animating speech: an automated approach using speech synthesised by rules. The Visual Computer, 3:277-289, 1988.

61

A. S. House, C. E. Williams, M. H. Hecker, and K. D. Kryter. Articulation-testing methods: Consonantal differentiation with a closed-response set. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 37:158-166, 1965.

62

P. L. Jackson, A. A. Montgomery, and C. A. Binnie. Perceptual dimensions underlying vowel lipreading performance. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 19(4):796-812, Dec 1976.

63

S. Janet. NIST String Alignment and Scoring Program. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1988.

64

S. Kaiser and T. Wehrle. Automated coding of facial behavior in human-computer interactions with FACS. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 16:2, 1992.

65

P. Kalra, E. Gobbetti, N. Magnenat-Thalmann, and D. Thalmann. A multimedia testbed for facial animation control. In T.S. Chua and T.L. Kunii, editors, International Conference of Multi-Media Modeling, MMM'93, pages 59-72, Singapore, Nov 9-12, 1993.

66

P. Kalra, A. Mangili, N. Magnenat-Thalmann, and D. Thalmann. Smile: A multilayered facial animation system. In T.L. Kunii, editor, Modeling in Computer Graphics. Springer-Verlag, 1991.

67

M. Kass, A. Witkin, and D. Terzopoulos. Snakes: Active contour models. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computer Vision. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1987.

68

M. Kass, A. Witkin, and D. Terzopoulous. Snakes: Active contour models. International Journal of Computer Vision, pages 321-331, 1988.

69

A. Kendon. Movement coordination in social interaction: Some examples described. In Weitz, editor, Nonverbal Communication. Oxford University Press, 1974.

70

R.D. Kent and F.D. Minifie. Coarticulation in recent speech production models. Journal of Phonetics, 5:115-135, 1977.

71

D.H. Klatt. A review of text-to-speech conversion for English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 82:737-793, 1987.

72

J. Kleiser. A fast, efficient, accurate way to represent the human face. In Vol 22: State of the Art in Facial Animation, pages 20-33. ACM Siggraph'89 Course Notes, 1989.

73

Kleiser-Walczak. Sextone for President. ACM SIGGRAPH Video Review, vol. 38/39, 1988. Kleiser Walczak Construction Comp.

74

T. Kurihara and K. Arai. A transformation method for modeling and animation of the human face from photographs. In N. Magnenat-Thalmann and D. Thalmann, editors, Computer Animation '91, pages 45-58. Springer-Verlag, 1991.

75

M.T. Lallouache. Acquisition et traitment de contours labiaux. In 18ièmes, JEP du GCP du GALF, Montreal, pages 27-28, 1990.

76

M.T. Lallouache and C. Worley. Saisie, édition et traitement d'images et de signaux articulatoires des lèvres et de la machoire. Journal d'Acoustique, 1:215-220, 1990.

77

W. Larrabee. A finite element model of skin deformation. I. Biomechanics of skin and soft tissue: A review. Laryngoscope, 96, 1986.

78

A. LeBlanc, P. Karla, N. Magnenat-Thalmann, and D. Thalmann. Sculpting with the ``ball and mouse'' metaphor. In Proc. Graphics Interface '91, Calgary, Canada, 1991.

79

Y. Lee, D. Terzopoulos, and K. Waters. Constructing physics-based facial models of individuals. In Graphics Interface '93, pages 1-8, Toronto, ON, May 1993.

80

J.P. Lewis and F.I. Parke. Automated lipsynch and speech synthesis for character animation. In Proceedings Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interface '87, pages 143-147, 1987.

81

H. Li, P. Roivainen, and R. Forchheimer. 3-d motion estimation in model-based facial image coding. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 15(6):545-555, June 1993.

82

B. Lindblom and J. Sundberg. Acoustical consequences of lip, tongue, jaw, and larynx movement. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 50:1166-1179, 1971.

83

A. Lofqvist. Speech as audible gestures. Speech Production and Speech Modeling, pages 289-322, 1990.

84

J.S. Logan, S.E. Lively, and D.B. Pisoni. Training Japanese listeners to identify /r/ and /l/: A first report. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 89:874-886, 1989.

85

Logitech Inc., 6505 Kaiser Drive, Fremont, CA 94555, Tel: (510)-795-8500.

86

N. Magnenat-Thalmann, N.E. Primeau, and D. Thalmann. Abstract muscle actions procedures for human face animation. Visual Computer, 3(5):290-297, 1988.

87

N. Magnenat-Thalmann and D. Thalmann. The direction of synthetic actors in the film: Rendez-vous à Montrèal. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, pages 9-19, December 1987.

88

N. Magnenat-Thalmann and D. Thalmann. Synthetic actors. In Vol 22: State of the Art in Facial Animation, pages 145-152. ACM Siggraph'89 Course Notes, 1989.

89

K. Mase and A. Pentland. Automatic lipreading by optical flow analysis. Systems and Computers in Japan, 22, 1991.

90

K. Matsuoka, T. Furuya, and K. Kurosu. Speech recognition by image processing of lip movements. Trans. on Soc. Instru. and Cont. Eng, 22(2):191 -198, 1986.

91

K. Meyer, H.L. Applewhite, and F.A. Biocca. A survey of position trackers. Presence, 1(2):173-200, Spring 1992.

92

A. A. Montgomery and P. L. Jackson. Physical characteristics of the lips underlying vowel lipreading performance. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 73:2134-2144, 1983.

93

S. Morishima and H. Harashima. A media conversion from speech to facial image for intelligent man-machine interface. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 9(4), 1991.

94

S. Morishima and H. Harashima. Speech-to-image media conversion based on VQ and neural network. In Proceedings of ICASSP91, M10.11, pages 2865-2868, 1991.

95

S. Muraki. Volumetric shape description of range data using ``blobby model''. Computer Graphics, 25(4):227-236, July 1991.

96

L. Muzekari and H. Knudsen. Effect of context on perception of emotion among psychiatric patients. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62(1):79-84, 1986.

97

M. Nahas, H. Huitric, and M. Saintourens. Animation of a B-spline figure. The Visual Computer, 3(5):272-276, March 1988.

98

K. Ohmura, A. Tomono, and Y. Kobayashi. Method of detecting face direction using image processing for human interface. SPIE, Visual Communications and Image Processing '88, 1001:625-632, 1988.

99

A. Paouri, N. Magnenat-Thalmann, and D. Thalmann. Creating realistic three-dimensional human shape characters for computer-generated films. In N. Magnenat-Thalmann and D. Thalmann, editors, Computer Animation '91, pages 45-58. Springer-Verlag, 1991.

100

F. I. Parke. Parameterized models for facial animation - revisited. In Vol 22: State of the Art in Facial Animation, pages 43-56. ACM Siggraph'89 Course Notes, 1989.

101

F.I. Parke. Computer generated animation of faces. Master's thesis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, June 1972. UTEC-CSc-72-120.

102

F.I. Parke. A Parametric Model for Human Faces. PhD thesis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 1974.

103

F.I. Parke. A model for human faces that allows speech synchronized animation. Journal of Computers and Graphics, 1(1):1-4, 1975.

104

F.I. Parke. A parameterized model for facial animation. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 2(9):61-70, 1982.

105

M. Patel. Making FACES. PhD thesis, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, Avon, UK, 1991.

106

M. Patel and P.J. Willis. FACES--The facial animation, construction and editing system. In Eurographics '91, pages 33-45, Austria, 1991.

107

E.C. Patterson, P.C. Litwinowicz, and N. Greene. Facial animation by spatial mapping. In N. Magnenat-Thalmann and D. Thalmann, editors, Computer Animation '91, Tokyo, 1991. Springer-Verlag.

108

A. Pearce, B. Wyvill, G. Wyvill, and D. Hill. Speech and expression: A computer solution to face animation. In Graphics Interface '86, 1986.

109

C. Pelachaud. Communication and Coarticulation in Facial Animation. PhD thesis, Computer and Information Science Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 1991.

110

C. Pelachaud, N.I. Badler, and M. Steedman. Linguistic issues in facial animation. In N. Magnenat-Thalmann and D. Thalmann, editors, Computer Animation '91, pages 15-30. Springer-Verlag, 1991.

111

C. Pelachaud, N.I. Badler, and M. Steedman. Generating facial expressions for speech from phonemic, intonational, and affectual representations. Cognitive Science, in press.

112

C. Pelachaud, M.L. Viaud, and H. Yahia. Rule-structured facial animation system. In IJCAI '93, 1993.

113

A. Pentland and K. Mase. Lipreading: Automatic visual recognition of spoken words. In Proc. Image Understanding and Machine Vision. Optical Society of America, June 12-14, 1989.

114

A. Pentland, B. Moghaddam, and T. Starner. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference, chapter View-based and modular eigenspaces for face recognition, pages 84-91. IEEE Computer Society, 1994.

115

E. D. Petajan, B. Bischoff, D. Bodoff, and N. M. Brooke. An improved automatic lipreading system to enhance speech recognition. In CHI 88, pages 19-25, 1988.

116

E.D. Petajan. Automatic lipreading to enhance speech recognition. In Proceedings of the IEEE Communication Society Global Telecommunications Conference, November 1984.

117

E.D. Petajan. Automatic lipreading to enhance speech recognition. In IEEE Computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pages 40-47, June 1985.

118

S. Pieper and D. Zeltzer. A biologically inspired model of human facial tissue for computer animation. In Vol 22: State of the Art in Facial Animation, pages 71-124. ACM Siggraph'89 Course Notes, 1989.

119

S.D. Pieper. More than skin deep: Physical modeling of facial tissue. Master's thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Media Arts and Sciences, 1989.

120

S.D. Pieper. CAPS: Computer-Aided Plastic Surgery. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Media Arts and Sciences, September 1991.

121

S.M. Platt. A system for computer simulation of the human face. Master's thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Computer and Information Science, Philadelphia, PA, 1980.

122

S.M. Platt. A Structural Model of the Human Face. PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Computer and Information Science, Philadelphia, PA, 1985.

123

S.M. Platt and N.I. Badler. Animating facial expressions. Computer Graphics, 15(3):245-252, 1981.

124

Polhemus Navigation Sciences, 1 Hercules Drive, Colchester, VT 05446, Tel: (802)-655-3159.

125

L.C.W. Pols and SAM Partners. Multilingual synthesis evaluation methods. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, pages 181-184, Banff, Alberta, Canada, 1989.

126

D. Reisfeld and Y. Yeshurun. Robust detection of facial features by generalized symmetry. IEEE, 1992.

127

A.E. Scheflen. The significance of posture in communication systems. Psychiatry, 27, 1964.

128

T.W. Sederberg and S.R. Parry. Free form deformation of solid geometric models. Computer Graphics, 20(4):151-160, August 1986.

129

SimGraphics Engineering Corp., 1137 Huntington Drive, South Pasadena, California 91030, Tel: (213)-255-0900.

130

D.G. Stork, G. Wolff, and E. Levine. Neural network lipreading system for improved speech recognition. IJCNN, June 1992.

131

S. Tamura, N. Kajimi, K. Okazaki, H. Mitsumoto, H. Kawai, and Y. Fukui. Lip contour extraction-complement and tracing by using energy function and optical flow. Papers of Technical Group on Pattern Recognition and Understanding. I.E.I.C.E., PRU89-20:9-16, 1989.

132

D. Terzopoulos and K. Waters. Physically-based facial modeling, analysis, and animation. Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation, 1(2):73-80, 1990.

133

D. Terzopoulos and K. Waters. Analysis and synthesis of facial image sequences using physical and anatomical models. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, pages 569-579, 1993.

134

D. Terzopoulous and K. Waters. Techniques for realistic facial modeling and animation. In M. Magnenat-Thalmann and D. Thalmann, editors, Computer Animation '91, Tokyo, 1991. Springer-Verlag.

135

M. Turk and A. Pentland. Eigenfaces for recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3(1):71-86, 1991.

136

M.W. Vannier, T. Pilgram, G. Bhatia, and B. Brunsden. Facial surface scanner. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 11(6):72-80, 1991.

137

M.L. Viaud and H. Yahia. Facial animation with wrinkles. In 3nd Workshop on Animation, Eurographics '92, Cambridge, 1992.

138

W.D. Voiers. Performance evaluation of speech processing devices: Diagnostic evaluation of speech intelligibility. Technical Report Contract AF19(628)-4987, AFCLR-67-0101, AF Cambridge Research, 1967.

139

Votrax, Div. of Federal Screw Works. User's Manual, 1981.

140

C.T. Waite. The Facial Action Control Editor, FACE: A parametric facial expression editor for computer generated animation. Master's thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Media Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, February 1989.

141

B. Walden, R. Prosek, A. Montgomery, C. K. Scherr, and C. J. Jones. Effects of training on the visual recognition of consonants. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 20:120-145, 1977.

142

C.L.Y. Wang. Langwidere: A hierarchical spline based facial animation system with simulated muscles. Master's thesis, University of Calgary, Department of Computer Science, Calgary, AB, October 1993.

143

K. Waters. A muscle model for animating three-dimensional facial expressions. Computer Graphics, 21(4):17-24, July 1987.

144

K. Waters. The Computer Synthesis of Expressive Three-Dimensional Facial Character Animation. PhD thesis, Middlesex University, Faculty of Art and Design, Cat Hill Barnet Herts, EN4 8HT, June 1988.

145

K. Waters. A dynamic model of facial tissue. In Vol 22: State of the Art in Facial Animation, pages 145-152. ACM Siggraph'89 Course Notes, 1989.

146

K. Waters and D. Terzopoulos. A physical model of facial tissue and muscle articulation. Proceedings of the First Conference on Visualization in Biomedical Computing, pages 77-82, May 1990.

147

K. Waters and D. Terzopoulos. Modeling and animating faces using scanned data. Journal of Visualization and Animation, 2(4):123-128, December 1991.

148

K. Waters and D. Terzopoulos. The computer synthesis of expressive faces. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 355(1273):87-93, Jan 1992.

149

P.M. Will and K.S. Pennington. Grid coding: A preprocessing technique for robot and machine vision. Artificial Intelligence, 2:319-329, 1971.

150

L. Williams. Performance-driven facial animation. Computer Graphics, 24(4):235-242, August 1990.

151

Y. Yacoob and L. Davis. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference, chapter Computing spatio-temporal representations of human faces, pages 70-75. IEEE Computer Society, 1994.

152

A. Yuille, D. Cohen, and P. Hallinan. Feature extraction from faces using deformable templates. International Journal of Computer Vision, 8(2):99-111, 1992.

153

A.L. Yuille. Deformable templates for face recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3(1):59-70, 1991.

154

A.L. Yuille, D.S. Cohen, and P.W. Hallinan. Feature extraction from faces using deformable templates. In IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'89), pages 104-109, San Diego, California, June 1989. IEEE Computer Society Press.

155

J.P. Zerling. Aspects articulatoires de la labialité vocalique en francais. PhD thesis, Institute of Phonetics, Strasbourg, France, 1990.

156

I. Zlokarnik. Experiments with an articulatory speech recognizer. In Eurospeech '93, Berlin, Sept. 1993.