GARY HATFIELD

Education

Academic Appointments

Research Interests

• Perception and cognition: The interaction between sensory and cognitive processes to yield phenomenal experience; the history of theories of visual perception and the interaction btween philosophy and psychology therein.
• Philosophy of psychology: The structure of explanation in theories of visual perception and the interaction between psychological and neural explanations; qualia and the mind-body problem.
• History of philosophy: Metaphysics, epistemology, and science in Descartes and Kant; historical relations of philosophy and psychology.
• History of psychology: The origin of naturalistic theories of the mind; the development of psychology as a natural science.

Awards and Activities

Daniel S. Pajes Prize in Art History, 1971; National Science Foundation Predoctoral Fellow, 1975–78; Vilas Travel Fellowship, 1978; Research Associate in Psychology, Wisconsin, 1980; American Council of Learned Societies Fellowship for Recent PhDs, 1983; Fellow, Research Group "Mind and Brain," ZiF, Bielefeld, summer, 1990; Inaugural Austin and Hempel lecturer, Dalhousie University, 1991; Fellow, Research Group "Perception and Evolution," ZiF, Bielefeld, 1995–96; Summer Fellow, Max Planck Insitut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 2009. Editorial Board, Philosophical Psychology

Memberships

American Philosophical Association, Cognitive Science Society, Forum for the History of the Human Sciences, History of Science Society, HOPOS, North American Kant Society, Philosophy of Science Association, Society for Philosophy and Psychology, Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology.

Publications

1. The Natural and the Normative: Theories of Spatial Perception from Kant to Helmholtz. Cambridge: MIT Press/Bradford Books, 1990, xii+366.
   
2. Kant's Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, translated, with introduction, notes, and selections from the Critique of Pure Reason. Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1997. Revised edition, with additional Critique selections and the Göttingen and Gotha reviews, 2004.
3. Edition of Kant's Prolegomena, with translator's introduction, apparatus, and notes. In Theoretical Philosophy After 1781, ed. by Henry Allison and Peter Heath. Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
4. Descartes and the Meditations. London: Routledge, 2003, xxi+353.
   Chinese translation of same (simplified characters), by Shang Xin Jian (Peking University). Guilin City: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2007.
   Chinese translation of same (complex characters), by Chou Chun-tang (Huafan University, Taiwan). Taipei: Wu Nan Press, 2009.
5. Perception and Cognition: Essays in the Philosophy of Psychology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2009, xiv+533.
6. Visual Experience: Sensation, Cognition, and Constancy, ed. Gary Hatfield and Sarah Allred (Oxford: Oxford University Press, in press).

1. Force (God) in Descartes' Physics. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 10 (1979), 113–140. Reprinted in Descartes, ed. by J. Cottingham, Oxford Readings in Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 281–310.
2. Functional Equivalence of Masking and Cue Reduction in Perception of Shape at a Slant. Perception and Psychophysics 23 (1978), 137–144, with W. Epstein.
3. The Sensory Core and the Medieval Foundations of Early Modern Perceptual Theory. Isis 70 (1979), 363–384, with W. Epstein.
4. Representation without Symbol Systems. Social Research 51 (1984), 1019–1045, with S. Kosslyn.
5. First Philosophy and Natural Philosophy in Descartes. In Philosophy, Its History and Historiography, ed. by A. J. Holland (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1985), 149–164.
6. The Status of the Minimum Principle in the Theoretical Analysis of Vision. Psychological Bulletin 97 (1985), 155–186, with W. Epstein.
7. The Senses and the Fleshless Eye: The Meditations as Cognitive Exercises. In Essays on Descartes' Meditations, ed. by Amelie Rorty (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 45–79.
8. Representation and Content in Some (Actual) Theories of Perception. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 19 (1988), 175–214.
9. Neuro-Philosophy Meets Psychology: Reduction, Autonomy, and Physiological Constraints. Cognitive Neuropsychology 5 (1988), 723–746.
10. Gibsonian Representations and Connectionist Symbol-Processing: Prospects for Unification. Psychological Research 52 (1990), 243–252.
11. Metaphysics and the New Science. In Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution, ed. by David Lindberg and Robert Westman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 93–166.
12. Representation in Perception and Cognition: Connectionist Affordances. In Philosophy and Connectionist Theory, ed. by W. Ramsey, D. Rumelhart, and S. Stich (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991), 163–195.
13. Representation and Rule-Instantiation in Connectionist Systems. In Connectionism and the Philosophy of Mind, ed. by T. Horgan and J. Tienson (Boston: Kluwer, 1991), 90–112.
14. Color Perception and Neural Encoding: Does Matameric Matching Entail a Loss of Information? In PSA 1992, ed. by David Hull and Mickey Forbes, 2 vols. (East Lansing, MI: PSA), 1:492–504.
15. Descartes' Physiology and Its Relation to His Psychology. In Cambridge Companion to Descartes, ed. by John Cottingham (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 335–370.
16. Empirical, Rational, and Transcendental Psychology: Psychology as Science and as Philosophy. In Cambridge Companion to Kant, ed. by Paul Guyer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 200–227.
17. Helmholtz and Classicism: The Science of Aesthetics and the Aesthetics of Science. In Hermann von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Science, ed. by David Cahan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 522–558.
18. Reason, Nature, and God in Descartes. In Essays on the Philosophy and Science of Rene Descartes, ed. by Stephen Voss (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 259–287.
19. Gestalt Psychology and the Philosophy of Mind. Philosophical Psychology 7 (1994), 163–181, with W. Epstein.
20. Remaking the Science of Mind: Psychology as a Natural Science. In Inventing Human Science, ed. by Christopher Fox, Roy Porter, and Robert Wokler (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 184–231.
21. Philosophy of Psychology as Philosophy of Science. In PSA 1994, ed. by David Hull, Mickey Forbes, and Richard Burian, 2 vols. (East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association, 1995), 2:19–23.
22. Review Essay: The Importance of the History of Science for Philosophy in General. Review of books by Daniel Garber and Michael Friedman, Synthese 106 (1996), 113–138.
23. Was the Scientific Revolution Really a Revolution in Science? In Tradition, Transmission, Transformation, ed. by Jamil Ragep and Sally Ragep, Collection de travaux de l'Academie internationale d'histoire des sciences (Leiden: Brill, 1996), 489–525.
24. The Workings of the Intellect: Mind and Psychology. In Logic and the Workings of the Mind: The Logic of Ideas and Faculty Psychology in Early Modern Philosophy, ed. Patricia Easton. North American Kant Society Publications 5 (Atascadero, Calif.: Ridgeview Publishing Co., 1997), 21–45.
25. Wundt and Psychology as Science: Disciplinary Transformations. Perspectives on Science 5 (1997), 349–382.
26. The Cognitive Faculties. In Cambridge History of Seventeenth Century Philosophy, ed. by M. Ayers and D. Garber (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 953–1002.
27. Attention in Early Scientific Psychology. In Visual Attention, ed. by R. D. Wright (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 3–25.
28. Mental Functions as Constraints on Neurophysiology: Biology and Psychology of Vision. In Where Biology Meets Psychology: Philosophical Essays, ed. by V. Hardcastle (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999), 251–271.
29. The Brain's "New" Science: Psychology, Neurophysiology, and Constraint. Philosophy of Science 67 (2000), S388–403.
30. Descartes' Naturalism About the Mental. In Descartes' Natural Philosophy, ed. by Stephen Gaukroger, John Schuster, and John Sutton (London: Routledge, 2000), 630–658.
31. Epistemology and Science in the Image of Modern Philosophy: Rorty on Descartes and Locke. In Future Pasts: Reflections on the History and Nature of Analytic Philosophy, ed. by J. Floyd and S. Shieh (Oxford University Press, 2001), 393–413.
32. The Prolegomena and the Critiques of Pure Reason. In Kant und die Berliner Aufklärung, ed. by V. Gerhardt, R. P. Horstmann, and R. Schumacher (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2001), 185–208.
33. Perception as Unconscious Inference. In Perception and the Physical World: Psychological and Philosophical Issues in Perception, ed. by Dieter Heyer and Rainer Mausfeld (New York: Wiley, 2002), 115–143.
34. Psychology, Philosophy, and Cognitive Science: Reflections on the History and Philosophy of Experimental Psychology. Mind and Language 17 (2002), 207–232.
35. Sense-Data and the Mind-Body Problem: Russell, James, and Mach. Principia 6 (2003), 203–230.
36. Behaviorism and Naturalism. In Cambridge History of Philosophy, 1870–1945, ed. by Thomas Baldwin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 640–648.
37. Psychology Old and New. In Cambridge History of Philosophy, 1870–1945, ed. by Thomas Baldwin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 93–106.
38. Representation and Constraints: The Inverse Problem and the Structure of Visual Space. Acta Psychologica 114 (2003), 355–378.
39. Objectivity and Subjectivity Revisited: Color as a Psychobiological Property. In Colour Perception: Mind and the Physical World, ed. by Rainer Mausfeld and Dieter Heyer (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 187–202.
40. What Were Kant's Aims in the Deduction? Philosophical Topics 31 (2003), 165–198.
41. Seeing_Dretske. Philosophical Studies 120 (2004), 19–35.
42. Sense-Data and the Mind-Body Problem. In Perception and Reality: From Descartes to the Present, ed. by Ralph Schumacher (Berlin: Mentis Verlag, 2004), 305–331.
43. Force and Mind-Body Interaction. In Science and Cultural Diversity: Proceedings of the XXIst International Congress of the History of Science, ed. by Juan Jose Saldana (Mexico City: Autonomous National University of Mexico, 2005), 3074–3089.
44. History of Philosophy as Philosophy. In Analytic Philosophy and History of Philosophy, ed. by Tom Sorell and G. A. J. Rogers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 82–128.
45. Introspective Evidence in Psychology. In Scientific Evidence: Philosophical Theories and Applications, ed. by Peter Achinstein (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), 259–286.
46. Rationalist Theories of Sense Perception and Mind–Body Relation. In Blackwell Companion to Rationalism, ed. by Alan Nelson (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005), 31–60.
47. The Cartesian Circle. In Blackwell Guide to Descartes' Meditations, ed. by Stephen Gaukroger (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005), 122–141.
48. Kant on the Perception of Space (and Time). In Cambridge Companion to Kant and Modern Philosophy, ed. by Paul Guyer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 61–93.
49. Psychology and Philosophy. In Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy, ed. by Anthony Grayling, Andrew Pyle, and Naomi Goulder, 4 vols. (London: Thoemmes, 2006), 3:2613–2621.
50. The Passions of the Soul and Descartes's Machine Psychology. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 38 (2007), 1–35.
51. The Reality of Qualia. Erkenntnis 66 (2007), 133–168.
52. Did Descartes Have a Jamesian Theory of the Emotions? Philosophical Psychology 20 (2007), 413–440.
53. Animals. In Companion to Descartes, ed. by J. Carriero and J. Broughton (Oxford: Blackwell, 2007), 404–425.
54. Mental Acts and Mechanistic Psychology in Descartes' Passions. In Descartes and the Modern, ed. by Neil Robertson, Gordon McOuat, and Tom Vinci (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2008), 49–71.
55. Psychology in Philosophy: Historical Perspectives. In Psychology and Philosophy: Inquiries into the Soul from Late Scholasticism to Contemporary Thought, ed. by Sara Heinamaa and Martina Reuter (Dordrecht: Springer, 2009), 1–25.
56. Rationalist Roots of Modern Psychology. In Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Psychology, ed. John Symons and Paco Calvo (London: Routledge, 2009), 3–21.
57. Review Article: Hume, Space, and the Self. British Journal for the History of Philosophy 17 (2009), 1063–71.
58. The Sixth Meditation: Mind-Body Relation, External Objects, and Sense Perception. In Meditationen ueber die Erste Philosophie, ed. Andreas Kemmerling (Berlin: Akademie, 2009), 123–46.
59. Mandelbaum's Critical Realism. In Maurice Mandelbaum and American Critical Realism, ed. Ian Verstegen (London: Routledge, 2010), 46–64.
60. Transparency of Mind: The Contributions of Descartes, Leibniz, and Berkeley to the Genesis of the Modern Subject. In Departure for Modern Europe: A Handbook of Early Modern Philosophy (1400-1700), ed. Hubertus Busche (Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag, 2011), pp. 361–75.
61. Kant and Helmholtz on Primary and Secondary Qualities. In Primary and Secondary Qualities: The Modern Debate, ed. Larry Nolan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 304–38.
62. Koffka, Köhler, and the "Crisis" in Psychology. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 43 (2012), 483–92.
63. Psicologia, Filosofia e Ciencia Cognitiva: Reflexões Sobre a História e a Filosofia da Psicologia Experimental, trans. Saulo de Freitas Araujo and Gary Hatfield. In História e Filosofia da Psicologia: Perspectivas Contemporâneas, ed. Saulo de Freitas Araujo (pp. 223-258). Juiz de Fora (Brasil): Editora UFJF. (Original English version, 2002.)
64. Phenomenal and Cognitive Factors in Spatial Perception. In Visual Experience, ed. Gary Hatfield and Sarah Allred (Oxford: Oxford University Press, in press).
65. Psychology, Epistemology, and the Problem of the External World: Russell and Before. In Historical Turn in Analytic Philosophy, ed. Erich Reck (London: Macmillan, in press).
66. Perception and Sense Data. In Oxford Handbook of the History of Analytical Philosophy, ed. M. Beaney (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, in press).
67. Descartes on Sensory Representation, Objective Reality, and Material Falsity. In Descartes' Meditations: A Critical Guide, ed. Karen Detlefsen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).

Talks Given Since 2004

1. The Passions of the Soul and Descartes' Machine Psychology. University of King's College, Descartes Lecture Series, April, 2004.
2. Kantian Things and Conditional or Contingent Necessity: Comments on a Paper by Robert Greenberg. Central Division APA, Chicago, April, 2004.
3. Introspective Evidence in Psychology. Ursinus College Methodology Symposium, April, 2004.
4. Was Kant Out to Refute Hume in the First Critique? Thirty-First Meeting of the Hume Society, Tokyo, August, 2004.
5. The Geometry of Visual Space. Perceptual Dynamics Colloquium, Riken Brain Science Institute, Tokyo, August, 2004.
6. Cartesian Zombies: The Psychology of Machines. Center for History and Philosophy of Science, Johns Hopkins University, November, 2004.
7. Mind, Culture, and Biology. Keynote Address, George Washington University Undergraduate Philosophy Conference, Washington, D.C., April, 2005.
8. What Were Kant's Aims in the Deduction? First Critique Seminar, Department of Philosophy, Stanford University, April, 2005.
9. Descartes' Passions of the Soul and the Principle of Habituation or Association. Southeast Seminar in Early Modern Philosophy, University of Virginia, October, 2005.
10. On Perceptual Constancy. Conference on Brain, Language and Cognition, Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, October, 2005.
11. What Can the Mind Tell Us About the Brain? Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Minnesota, October, 2005.
12. The Body: A Mind of Its Own. Mutable Body Lectures, New Perspectives Program, Indiana University, South Bend, January, 2006.
13. Consciousness and Qualia. Brown Bag Discussion, Department of Philosophy, Indiana University, South Bend, January, 2006.
14. On Perceptual Constancy and the Geometry of Visual Space. Philosophy Colloquium, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, February, 2006; Philosophy Colloquium, Ohio State University, April, 2006.
15. Kant on Spatial Perception, Apperception, and Introspective Awareness. Mind and Language Seminar, New York University, February, 2006.
16. Color as a Psychobiological Property. Penn-UNAM Philosophy Encounter, Autonomous National University of Mexico, May, 2006.
17. American Functionalism and Behaviorism. Enriching the Context: Naturalism, Empiricism, and Realism in American Philosophy and Psychology, 1870-1930, International Society for the History of the Philosophy of Science, Paris, June, 2006.
18. Perceptual Constancy and Visual Space. Lunchtime Seminar Series, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, October, 2006.
19. Mental Acts and Mechanistic Psychology in Descartes' Passions. Invited talk, Oxford Seminar in Early Modern Philosophy, Oxford University, October, 2006.
20. What Can Contextual History of Philosophy Do for Philosophy? Symposium on Approaches to the History of Philosophy, Eastern Division APA, December, 2006.
21. Transparency of Mind: The Contribution of Descartes, Leibniz and Berkeley to the Genesis of the Modern Subject. Invited talk, European Society for Early Modern Philosophy, First International Congress, Essen, March, 2007.
22. Psychology in Mind: From the Mind-Body to the Physiology-Psychology Problem. Berkeley-UCSF Colloquium in History of Science, Technology, and Medicine, Berkeley, October, 2007.
23. Mind-Body Causation and Neutral Monism: Helmholtz, Mach, and James. Closing Address, British Society for the History of Philosophy annual meeting, March, 2008.
24. Mechanizing the Sensitive Soul. Conference on Hylomorphism in Early Modern Philosophy, CalTech, Pasadena, May 2008.
25. In What Ways Was Helmholtz Kantian? Symposium on The Natural and the Neo-Kantian: Empirical Science and Neo-Kantianism, meeting of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science (HOPOS), Vancouver, June 2008.
26. Comment on Charles Wallis, "Dual-Use Neural Systems and Theories of Mental Representation." 34th annual meeting of the Society for Philosophy and Psychology, Philadelphia, June 2008.
27. Descartes' Contemporaries. Invited seminar, European Science Foundation Summer School, The Soul: From the Aristotelian scientia de anima to Early Modern Psychology, Roudboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands, July 2008.
28. Köhler, Koffka, and the "Crisis" in Psychology. Workshop on Crisis Debates in Psychology, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin, October 2008.
29. Descartes' Mechanization of the Sensitive Soul: The Internal Senses. Institute Colloquium, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin, October 2008.
30. Getting Objects for Free (or Not): The Philosophy and Psychology of Object Perception. Lunchtime Seminar Series, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, October 2008.
31. Descartes' Rehabilitation of the Senses. Oxford Seminar in Early Modern Philosophy, Oxford University, October 2008.
32. Getting Objects for Free. Cognitive Lunch, Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, October 2008.
33. Descartes' Mechanization of the Sensitive Soul. Department of Philosophy Colloquium, University of Virginia, October 2008.
34. Köhler, Koffka, and the 'Crisis' in Psychology. Annual Meeting of the History of Science Society, Pittsburgh, November 2008.
35. Comments on papers by Mark Johnson and Taylor Carman. GPPC Symposium on "New Approaches to the Mind/Body Problem," Swarthmore College, November, 2008.
36. Berkeley's New Theory: Embodiment, Perception, and Action. George Berkeley's New Theory of Vision: 300 Years Later, A Series of Interdisciplinary Lectures, Brown University, February 2009.
37. Perceptual and Cognitive Factors in Spatial Perception. IRCS Workshop on Cognitive and Developmental Factors in Perceptual Constancy, Penn, February 2009.
38. Internal Senses in the Medievals and in Descartes. Department of Philosophy and UMB Philosophy Club, University of Massachusetts, Boston, April 2009.
39. Descartes' Rehabilitation of the Senses. Early Modern Workshop, Department of Philosophy, Harvard University, April 2009.
40. Psychoneural Linking Laws. Session on the Status of Laws in the Psychological Sciences, 101st meeting of the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology, Savannah, Georgia, April 2009.
41. Visual Studies at Penn. Visual Studies faculty group, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, April 2009.
42. On the Disciplinary Identity of Psychology: 1732-1933. Klopsteg Seminar Series in Science in Human Culture, Northwestern University, May 2009.
43. Berkeley, Gibson, and Visual Space. Colloquium, Institute for Psychology in cooperation with the Philosophical Seminar, Christian-Albrechts-University in Kiel, Germany, June 2009.
44. Berkeley, Gibson, and the Geometry of Visual Space. Laboratoire d'Histoire des Sciences et de Philosophie, Archives Henri Poincare, Nancy University, France, June 2009.
45. On Berkeley's Mediate Objects of Sight and Their Phenomenology: In response to Van Cleve. Philosophical Perspectives on Spatial Perception, Department of Philosophy, Harvard University, Oct. 2010.
46. The Reception of Descartes' Machine Psychology in Medical Writers and Natural Philosophy. History of Science Society Annual Meeting, Montreal, Nov. 2010.
47. Psychological Experiments and Phenomenal Experience in the Perceptual Constancies. Philosophical Issues in Experimental Science, Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology (refereed), 103rd Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, Mar. 2011.
48. The Focus of Attention: Past and Present Theories. Mind, Brain, and Behavior Undergraduate Workshop 2011: Attention in Philosophy, Psychology, and the Neurosciences: Historical Origins and Present Concerns, Harvard University, Mar. 2011.
49. Russell's Progress: Spatial Dimensions, the From-Which, and the At-Which. Joint colloquium, Department of Philosophy, Departament of Logic and Philosophy of Science, University of California, Irvine, May, 2011.
50. Russell's Progress: Spatial Dimensions, the From-Which, and the At-Which. Conference on Metatphysics in Kant and Hegel, Institute of Philosophy, Humboldt University, Berlin, June, 2011.
51. New Thoughts on Linear Perspective and Visual Experience. Seventh Principia International Symposium, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, Aug. 2011.
52. The Embodied Mind and the Bodily Machine in Descartes. Center for Philosophic Exchange, SUNY Brockport, Oct. 2011.
53. Perceptual Realism and the Phenomenology of Visual Space. Center for Philosophic Exchange, SUNY Brockport, Oct. 2011.
54. Remarks on Perceptual Realism and the Phenomenology of Visual Space. Modern Mind: Philosophical Conversations in Honor of Gary Hatfield, Penn, Nov. 2011.
55. The Embodied Eyes: On Seeing Distance Directly in Descartes. VLST Lecture Series, Penn, Nov. 2011.
56. The Embodied Eyes: On Seeing Distance Directly in Descartes. Westfall Lecture, Department of History and Philosophy of Science, Indiana University, Dec. 2011.
57. American Critical Realism: James and Sellars. Conference on Pragmatism in Philosophy of Science, University of San Francisco, Mar. 2012.